Types of PV Modules

a. Monocrystalline Silicon Modules:

• Description: Made from single-crystal silicon, these modules are known for their high efficiency and sleek appearance.
• Advantages:
  • High Efficiency: Typically offers efficiency ratings between 15% to 20%, which means they produce more power per square meter.
  • Aesthetics: Uniform dark color and higher efficiency can be visually appealing.
• Disadvantages:
  • Cost: Generally more expensive compared to other types of silicon-based modules.

b. Polycrystalline Silicon Modules:

• Description: Made from silicon crystals melted together, resulting in a blue-speckled appearance.
• Advantages:
  • Cost-Effective: Less expensive to produce than monocrystalline modules.
  • Good Efficiency: Offers efficiency ratings between 13% to 16%.
• Disadvantages:
  • Lower Efficiency: Slightly less efficient than monocrystalline modules.
  • Aesthetics: The blue color and crystal appearance might be less visually appealing.

c. Thin-Film Modules:

• Description: Made from thin layers of photovoltaic material deposited on a substrate. Common materials include cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (a-Si), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
• Advantages:
  • Flexibility: Can be used on flexible substrates, making them suitable for unconventional surfaces.
  • Lightweight: Generally lighter than silicon-based panels, which can reduce mounting requirements.
• Disadvantages:
  • Lower Efficiency: Typically has lower efficiency ratings (around 10% to 12%) and requires more space for the same power output.
  • Degradation: May degrade faster compared to silicon-based modules.

d. Bifacial Modules:

• Description: Can absorb sunlight from both sides, utilizing reflected light from the ground or surrounding surfaces.
• Advantages:
  • Increased Energy Yield: Potentially higher energy output due to capturing sunlight from both sides.
  • Durability: Often has improved durability and longevity.
• Disadvantages:
  • Cost: Higher initial cost and requires careful installation to maximize performance.