Inverters

a. Function:

• Energy Conversion: Inverters convert the direct current (DC) electricity generated by the solar panels or stored in batteries into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is used by most household appliances and is compatible with the electrical grid.

b. Types of Inverters:

• String Inverters:

  • Description: Connects multiple solar panels in series (a string) and converts the combined DC output to AC.
  • Pros: Cost-effective for residential and small commercial systems; easy to install and maintain.
  • Cons: Reduced performance if one panel is shaded or faulty, as it affects the entire string.

• Microinverters:

  • Description: Installed on each solar panel, converting DC to AC individually.
  • Pros: Improved performance in shaded or partially obstructed conditions; allows for modular expansion.
  • Cons: Higher cost compared to string inverters; more complex installation.

• Central Inverters:

  • Description: Large-scale inverters used in commercial and utility-scale solar power plants.
  • Pros: Efficient for large systems; capable of handling high power outputs.
  • Cons: More complex installation and maintenance.

• Hybrid Inverters:

  • Description: Combines functions of a PV inverter and a battery inverter, managing both solar panel output and battery storage.
  • Pros: Integrated solution for systems with energy storage; simplifies installation.
  • Cons: Can be more expensive; less flexibility compared to separate inverters.

c. Key Considerations:

• Efficiency: The ratio of AC power output to DC power input; higher efficiency reduces energy losses.
• Capacity: The maximum power output of the inverter should match or exceed the combined output of the solar panels.
• Features: Includes monitoring capabilities, grid interaction, and compatibility with battery storage.